Importance of glycoproteins in human cancer.

Usefulness of cell surface glycoprotein components as markers in early detection of cancer and in monitoring progress during treatment has been evaluated. Total sialic acid (TSA), lipid bound sialic acid (LSA) and seromucoid fractions (SF) have been compared in the sera of healthy human volunteers and patients at different stages of diagnosis and treatment of leukemia, cancer of breast, cervix, and oral cavity. The levels of TSA, LSA and SF are found to be increased in cancer and is proportionate with malignancy. Their levels show decline in patients who respond well to treatment and show increase in patients with recurrence of cancer even before any clinical evidence of recurrence is available. Changes have also been noted in the glycoprotein fractions and their ratios.

Serum total sialic acid and regan isoenzyme levels in patients with lung cancer.

Serum total sialic acid (TSA), Regan isoenzyme (RI) (heat stable placenta like alkaline phosphatase) and TSA/Total protein (TP) ratio were estimated in 44 cases of Lung cancer using highly specific chemical methods to assess their efficacy as malignancy markers. Levels of the two markers were compared with 27 matched healthy controls. A significant increase (P less than 0.001) in both the bio-markers were compared with 27 matched healthy controls. A significant increase (P less than 0.001) in both the bio-markers was observed compared to controls. TSA/TP ratio was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in lung cancer patients compared to controls. TSA levels were elevated in more cases of patients compared to elevations in RI. Mean values of TSA and RI were higher in epidermoid carcinoma than adeno carcinoma. The use of combination of these markers may be considered in the diagnosis of the disease in future trials.

Efficacy of serum lactate dehydrogenase and its isozymes in monitoring the therapy in patients with acute leukemia.

The pretreatment levels of serum Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) and its isozymes are measured in 12 cases of Acute Lymphoid Leukemia (ALL) and 8 cases of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and compared with 14 matched healthy controls. Patients showed only first three bands of LDH while normal sera exhibited five bands. A significant increase in total LDH activity was observed in patients of both the groups as compared to controls at the time of admission. The patients were treated with chemotherapy and were followed at 72 hrs. and after 4 weeks. The patients who successfully responded to the therapy showed increased levels of total LDH and LDH2 and LDH3 isoenzymes as early as 72 hrs. after commencement of the therapy. The nonresponders, on the other hand, circulated, decreased or unaltered values of isozymes during this interval. Following them up for a month, ALL responders showed decreased values of total LDH activity, LDH2 and LDH3 activities when compared with their 72 hour values except LDH1. Non responders of this group had practically unaltered values of these isozymes. AML responders circulated decreased values of all the isozymes while AML non responders "showed significant increases in total LDH, and all its isozymes as compared with their 72 hour values. The determination of total enzyme and its isozyme levels at pre, mid and end of treatment seems to be a promising biochemical parameter to predict the early response to chemotherapy administered.

Cellular blue nevus with nevus cells in regional lymph nodes: a lesion that mimics melanoma.

We report the case of a young man who had a large, firm, nodule covered by darkly pigmented skin over the outer aspect of the right ankle and palpable right inguinal lymph nodes. The mole had enlarged rapidly during the past month, contained deeply pigmented cells with increased cellularity and mitotic activity and groups of intensely pigmented nevus cells within the marginal sinus of the inguinal nodes. The excised mass with inguinal lymphadenectomy was reported as benign cellular nevus with benign nevus cell aggregates in lymph nodes. The purpose of this report is to emphasize how cellular blue nevus can masquerade as malignant melanoma and to increase clinical awareness of this benign variant of melanocytic nevus. We have attempted to elaborate its natural history and comprehensive criteria for diagnosis, so that inappropriate surgery and chemotherapy can be avoided in this lesion which occurs conceivably often enough to be more than just a curiosity.

Efficacy of serum sialoglycoproteins as a biomarker of the disease activity & treatment monitoring in patients with base tongue malignancy.

Serum levels of sialoglycoprotein constituents i.e., sialic acid, seromucoid hexoses, and mucoid proteins were determined in 34 patients with base tongue malignancy and 15 controls matched for age and sex. All three constituents were found to be significantly raised; however, only sialic acid levels increased with the severity of the disease. More than 92 per cent of the patients in each clinical stage showed abnormal values of hexoses and mucoid proteins in seromucoids. Electrophoretic separation showed a split in alpha-2-glycoprotein at pretreatment time in 67.6 per cent of the patients. On administration of radiotherapy, all three fractions decreased while alpha-2- split disappeared in 61.8 per cent patients and gamma glycoprotein peak emerged at the end of the protocol with a parallel decrease in these three constituents. It may be concluded from the data that serum sialoglycoproteins can be useful to monitor therapy in base tongue malignancy patients.